Policies Affecting Japanese Americans
1868-1900 | CONTRACT LABOR PERIOD |
1901-1940 | INCREASING IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION |
1941-1951 | WORLD WAR II AND INTERMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANS IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS |
1952 - 1990 | POST - WORLD WAR II AND THE MYTH OF THE MODEL MINORITY |
CONTRACT LABOR
1876 | Reciprocity treaty between Kingdom of Hawaii and United States |
1898 | Newlands Resolutions-Hawaii became U.S. territory
Census Bureau policy changed |
1900 | The organic Act of the territory of Hawaii [Back] |
IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION
1907 | Proclamation of president Theodore Roosevelt-Japanese and Koreans issued passports for Mexico, Canada, or Hawaii were to be denied admission to continental United States |
1908 | Gentleman's Agreement |
1921 | Immigration Act (Johnson Act) |
1923 | U.S. Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of state Alien land Acts |
1924 | Immigration Act (Johnson-Reed Act) |
1934 | Jones-Costigan Act [Back] |
WORLD WAR II ANDINTERMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANS IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS
1941 | Declaration of war on Japan
Martial law declared in Hawaii |
1942 | Executive Order No 9066-Internment authorized
War Relocation Authority (WRA) established |
1943 | U.S. War Department called for AJA volunteers |
1943 -1944 | U.S. Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of evacuation program and convictions of Yasui, Hirabayashi, and Korematsu, for violating curfew and relocation orders |
1944 | Military draft reinstated for AJAs
Renunciation Act passed by Congress Servicemen's Readjustment Act (the "BI bill of rights") First internment camp closed by WRA U.S. government rescinded mass exclusion order |
1945 | U.S. military dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
1946 | Last internee left last internment camp |
1947 | Citizenship restored to some Japanese Americans who had renounced it |
1948 | Evacuation Claims Act [Back] |
POST - WORLD WAR II AND THE MYTH OF THE MODEL MINORITY
1952 | Immigration and Nationality Act (McCarran-Walter Act) |
1959 | Hawaii became fiftieth state |
1965 | Immigration and Naturalization Act |
1980 | Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) established |
1983 | Korematsu's wartime conviction vacated |
1984 | Yasui's wartime conviction vacated |
1987 | U.S. Supreme Court vacated appeals court decision on Hohri et al. class action suit; remanded to federal circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals vacated Hirabayashi's wartime conviction |
1988 | Civil Liberties Act (usually referred to as the Reparations Act)
U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear Hohri et al. |
1990 | Start of reparation payments
Immigration Act [Back] |